Professional teacher Essay

Development takes what is there as a valuable starting point, not as something to be replaced, but a useful platform on which to build. To do so is to recognise not only that teachers do have valuable existing expertise but also that, if teachers are forced to choose, they will usually revert to their secure established ways of doing things. The metaphor of ‘building on what is already there’ is not, however, satisfactory because it suggests adding on something separate to what is there, something extra on top. The concept of development, in contrast, implies that whatever is added, whatever is new, will be integrated with what is there already, and will indeed grow from what is there. † McIntyre and Hagger (1992, p. 271) This places the teacher in a position of power and responsibility. It means that the teacher is the arbiter of change. If a proposed change does not meet with the approval of the teacher, then there is little likelihood that the change will be introduced. What sometimes happens is that, where a proposed reform partly meets with the approval of a teacher, the proposed change is revised. It may be scaled down, some of the less acceptable aspects removed or emphases may be changed. The proposed reform undergoes a process of customization to suit the circumstances and priorities of the individual teacher. This position of power in relation to change and reform also brings with it considerable responsibility. Teachers must be attuned to the need for change. They need to be proactive, able to take initiatives in relation to change but also to make sound judgments about the value and relevance of any change, proposed by others or initiated by themselves. They cannot afford to reject all change outright or be dismissive of it. To do so would be to abandon a professional obligation to work in the interests of students and the future of society. Every professional teacher must be able to articulate fully the bases for his or her own practical theory. Being explicit about one’s own practical theory is essential for a number of reasons. First, it ensures that explanations of the bases for actions in the classroom can be provided and the expectation of professional accountability discharged. Second, knowing in detail one’s practical theory facilitates the process of review and revision. Here the position of the teacher is somewhat akin to that of a medical expert or flight engineer. Only expert knowledge of how the human body or plane operates can provide a basis for the correction of malfunctions. Thirdly, it allows for a fuller and quicker assessment of proposals for change. Areas of compatibility/incompatibility and the flaws inherent in existing and proposed practical theories can be more readily identified. Moreover, it is more likely that unsound proposals for change will be detected. Interpreting student teacher learning as learning by reflection on can be taken a step further by also applying this idea to other components of teacher education, such as group seminars on campus. The realistic approach can be used at the level of a class on campus by creating an experience in that class which is the basis for learning for a whole group. One example is the idea of organizing 10-minutes lessons given by student teachers to their fellow students. Korthagen, F. A. J. Nevertheless, what teachers do as they design their approaches to teaching has many of the hallmarks of theory building. They address significant problems related to student learning, they design and experiment with ways of solving those problems, they inquire into the relative effectiveness of these ways by using data from observations, tests and feedback from others to assist them, they identify patterns which give rise to predictions about what is likely to happen, and they build bases for professional action.

The Globalization Debate: Prosperity or Impoverishment?

Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing? Many influential economists, politicians, and business leaders seem to think so. They argue that falling barriers to international trade and investment are the twin engines that are driving the global economy toward ever greater prosperity. They argue that increased international trade and cross-border investment will result in lower prices for goods and services. They believe that globalization stimulates economic growth, raises the incomes of consumers, and helps to create jobs in all countries that choose to participate in the global trading system. There are good theoretical reasons for believing that declining barriers to international trade and investment do stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and raise income levels. Moreover, considerable empirical evidence lends support to the predictions of this theory. However, despite the existence of a compelling body of theory and evidence, the process of globalization has its critics. We would be remiss if we did not mention their concerns. Here we briefly review the main themes of the debate. In later chapters we shall elaborate on many of the points mentioned below Globalization, Jobs, and Incomes One frequently voiced concern is that far from creating jobs, removing barriers to international trade actually destroys manufacturing jobs in wealthy advanced economies such as the United States. The basic thrust of the critics' argument is that falling trade barriers allow firms to move their manufacturing activities offshore to countries where wage rates are much lower. Bartlett and Steele, two journalists for the Philadelphia Inquirer who have gained notoriety for their attacks on free trade, cite the case of Harwood Industries, a U. S. clothing manufacturer that closed its U. S. operations, where it paid workers $9 per hour, and shifted manufacturing to Honduras, where textile workers receive 48 cents per hour. 32 Because of moves like this, argue Bartlett and Steele, the wage rates of poorer Americans have fallen significantly over the last quarter of a century. Supporters of globalization reply that critics such as Bartlett and Steele miss the essential point about free trade-the benefits outweigh the costS. 3 They argue that free trade results in countries specializing in the production of those goods and services that they can produce most efficiently, while importing goods that they cannot produce as efficiently from other countries. When a country embraces free trade there is always some dislocation-lost textile jobs at Harwood Industries, for example-but the whole economy is better off as a result. According to this view, it makes little sense for the United States to produce textiles at home when they ca n be produced at a lower cost in Honduras or China (which, unlike Honduras, is a major source of U. S. textile imports). Importing textiles from China leads to lower prices for clothes in the United States, which enables U. S. consumers to spend more of their money on other items. At the same time, the increased income generated in China from textile exports increases income levels in that country, which helps the Chinese to purchase more products produced in the United States, such as Boeing jets, Intel-based computers, Microsoft software, and Motorola cellular telephones. In this manner, supporters of globalization argue that free trade benefits all countries that adhere to a free trade regime. Supporters of globalization do concede that the wage rate enjoyed by unskilled workers in many advanced economies has declined in recent years. For example, data from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development suggest that since 1980 the lowest 10 percent of American workers have seen a drop in their real wages (adjusted for inflation) of about 20 percent, while the top 10 percent have enjoyed a real pay increase of about 10 percent. Similar trends can be seen in many other countries. However, while critics of globalization argue that the decline in unskilled wage rates is due to the migration of low-wage manufacturing jobs offshore, and a corresponding reduction in demand for unskilled workers, supporters of globalization see a more complex picture. They maintain that the declining real wage rates of unskilled workers owes far more to a technology-induced shift within advanced economies away from jobs where the only qualification was a willingness to turn up for work every day and toward jobs that require employees to possess significant education and skills. They point out that within many advanced economies there is a shortage of highly skilled workers and an excess supply of unskilled workers. Thus, growing income inequality is a result of the wages for skilled workers, being bid up by the labor market and the wages for unskilled workers being discounted. If one agrees with this logic, a solution to the problem of declining incomes is to be found not in limiting free trade and globalization, but in increasing society's investment in education to reduce the supply of unskilled workers. Globalization, Labor Policies, and the Environment IA second source of concern is that free trade encourages firms from advanced nations to move manufacturing facilities offshore to less developed countries that lack adequate regulations to protect labor and the environment from abuse by the unscrupulous. Critics argue that adhering to labor and environmental regulations significantly increases the costs of manufacturing enterprises and puts them at a competitive disadvantage in the global marketplace vis-a-vis firms based in developing nations that do not have to comply with such regulations. Firms deal with this cost disadvantage, so the theory goes, by moving their production facilities to nations that do not have such burdensome regulations or fail to enforce the regulations they do have. If this is the case, one might expect free trade to lead to an increase in pollution and result in firms from advanced nations exploiting the labor of less developed nations. This argument was used repeatedly by those who opposed the 1994 formation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The vision they painted was one of U. S. anufacturing firms moving to Mexico in droves so that they would be free to pollute the environment, employ child labor, and ignore workplace safety and health issues, all in the name of higher profits. Supporters of free trade and greater globalization express serious doubts about this scenario. They point out that tougher environmental regulations and stricter labor standards go hand in hand with economi c progress. In general, as countries get ‘richer, they enact tougher environmental and labor regulations. Since free trade enables developing countries to increase their economic growth rates and become richer, this should be correlated ith the introduction of tougher environmental and labor laws. In this view, the critics of free trade have got it backward-free trade does not lead to more pollution and labor exploitation; it leads to less! Moreover, supporters of free trade point out that it is possible to tie free trade agreements to the implementation of tougher environmental and labor laws in less developed countries. NAFTA, for example, was passed only after side agreements had been negotiated that committed Mexico to tougher enforcement of environmental protection regulations. Thus, supporters of free trade argue that factories based in Mexico are now cleaner than they would have been without the passage of NAFTA. Free trade supporters also argue that business firms are not the amoral organizations that critics suggest. While there may be a few rotten apples, the vast majority of business enterprises are staffed by managers who are committed to behave in an ethical manner and would be unlikely to move production offshore just so they could pump more pollution into the atmosphere or exploit labor. Furthermore, the relationship among pollution, labor exploitation, and production costs may not be that suggested by critics. In general, a well-treated labor force is a productive work force, and it is productivity rather than base wage rates that often has the greatest influence on costs. Given this, in the vast majority of cases, the vision of greedy managers who shift production to low-wage companies in order to â€Å"exploit† their labor force may be misplaced. Globalization and National Sovereignty A final concern voiced by critics' of globalization is that in today's increasingly interdependent global economy, economic power is shifting away from national governments and toward supranational organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union, and the United Nations. As perceived by critics, the problem is that unelected bureaucrats are now sometimes able to impose policies on the democratically elected governments of nation-states, thereby undermining the sovereignty of those states. In this manner, claim critics, the ability of the nation-state to control its own destiny is being limited. The World Trade Organization is a favorite target of those who attack the world's headlong rush toward a global economy. The WTO was founded in 1994 to police the world trading system established by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO arbitrates trade disputes between the 120 or so nation-states that have signed the GATT. The WTO arbitration panel can issue a ruling instructing a member state to change trade policies that violate GATT regulations. If the violator refuses to comply with the ruling, the WTO allows other states to impose appropriate trade sanctions on the transgressor. As a result, according to one prominent critic, the U. S. environmentalist and consumer rights advocate Ralph Nader: In contrast to Nader's inflammatory rhetoric, many economists and politicians maintain that the power of supranational organizations such as the WTO is limited to what nation-states collectively agree to grant. They argue that bodies such as the United Nations and the WTO exist to serve the collective interests of member states, not to subvert those interests. Moreover, supporters of supranational organizations point out that in reality, the power of these bodies rests largely on their ability to persuade member states to follow a certain course of action. If these bodies fail to serve the collective interests of member states, those states will withdraw their support, and the supranational organization will quickly collapse. In this view, then, real power still resides with individual nation-states, not supranational organizations.

Caregiver Stress

ASC 4126 – The AIDS Pandemic Caregiver Stress Caregivers are those people who provide assistance to other people who are unable to perform certain activities on their own because of a physical disability or chronic illness. Formal care can be obtained at home, or from institutions such as nursing homes, and is offered by trained, paid or volunteer professional caregivers. However, informal care, which is usually offered by family members or friends, often in a home setting, is becoming increasingly common. These caregivers are normally inexperienced, untrained, and otherwise lacking the education necessary to maintain their own good health under the stressful conditions they face. Informal caregiving can have significant effects on the mental and physical health of the caregiver, and this will continue to become an increasing social problem in the United States as the population ages and the number of people requiring care outpaces the availability and affordability of professional care. Therefore, it is important to address the warning signs of caregiver stress, the potential health consequences and the ways in which the stress can be managed. Informal caregiving is becoming an increasingly standard function of many American families. It is estimated that there are 29. 2 million family caregivers in the United States, and about a quarter of them are caring for an aging parent. (McLeod) One of the common unintentional, harmful effects that is a reality in informal caregiving is that there is the potential for the â€Å"illness or disability or injury of the one (being cared for to) become such a focus it almost replaces the rest of their identity†. (Article 8) The same kind of thinking can also be used to explain the health risks that the caregivers themselves face. Caregiving can be very stressful, time consuming and demanding. Informal caregiving, which is usually a healthy spouse, child or parent living with the disabled person at home, can be a 24 hour, 7 day a week responsibility. It can consume all of their free time, and therefore the caregiver could potentially lose their own identity, and become unable to recognize the warning signs of their own health deterioration as a result of their commitment to caregiving. These caregivers, as part of losing their own identity, may be putting there own needs behind the needs of the person they are caring for. The result of this is that many of the warning signs that the caregiver is risking their own health are either overlooked, or attributed to being overwhelmed or tired from the extensive amount of time and energy that is required in caregiving. It is important for caregivers to educate themselves about the signs or symptoms of caregiver stress so that they can be sure to maintain their own good health. This is the only way to continue to be able to care for their loved one, as well as to help prevent a medical situation in which they could eventually require full time care themselves. The warning signs of caregiver stress vary from person to person, but doctors and psychologists have formulated general symptoms that people should pay attention to. At risk caregivers may exhibit denial about the disease or its severity, anger at the person with the disease, an inability to concentrate and severe irritability. Other psychological conditions could include depression and anxiety, dulled emotions and frequent memory lapses. They might be quick to cry or get angry, or have the consistent feeling that they simply can not cope anymore. Physical symptoms could include chronic fatigue, headaches, stomach aches and sleeping difficulties. Caregivers might even notice that they are catching colds more often than normal, or that they are experiencing an increase in their smoking, drinking or drug use. About 30% of caregivers use psychotropic drugs, such as sleep-aids, compared to only 20% of non-caregivers. (AlzheimerSolutions) Caregivers should also recognize warning signs in other aspects of their life as well. In their social life they may feel isolation or withdrawal from their friends, or be less interested in activities or events they usually enjoy. Another signal may be reduced effectiveness at their job, or in their other family responsibilities other than the caregiving. (McLeod, Maritato) Doctors and psychologists agree that if a caregiver experiences several of these symptoms, that they should consider themselves at-risk for medical complications themselves, and realize that their ability as a caregiver may become compromised. The importance for caregivers to recognize these symptoms and make the necessary lifestyle changes can not be understated. It is especially important for elderly caregivers, most of whom are caring for their spouse. It has been shown that a caregiving spouse between the ages of 66 and 96 who experience some type of emotional or mental strain have a 63% greater chance of dying than those in the same age group that are not caregivers. (Caregiver. org) But it is not just the elderly that develop serious medical problems related to their caregiving responsibilities. Caregiving related stress can have a severe impact on the immune system, which in turn has a direct influence on our overall health. Even wound healing is affected by the stress associated with caregiving because of the impact on the immune system. One study shows that wounds, such as cuts, take 24% longer to heal in Alzheimer caregivers than in non-caregivers. (AlzheimerSolutions) A weak immune system will also result in an increased rate of infections and serious illnesses. Therefore, caregivers are at an increased risk of contracting common colds and the flu, as well as more serious, chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer. O’Brien) Research has shown that 51% of caregivers with significant responsibilities have sleep difficulties. (O’Brien) Lack of sleep can result in decreased effectiveness at work and at home, as well as impairing the ability to be a functioning caregiver. This symptom of caregiving can also have severe health consequences. There is increased research that shows a direct relationship between sleep deprivation and a heightened risk of many major illnesses, i ncluding heart disease and obesity. O’Brien) Finally, it has been proven that the stress associated with caregiving can actually shorten a person’s life if they don’t pay attention to the warning signs and maintain their own good health. This is not something that only the elderly needs to consider, because caregiving stress can affect the physiology of all caregivers. It has been shown that chronic stress can â€Å"accelerate the effects of aging by actually shortening cell life, (because) it leads to weakened muscles, skin wrinkles and even organ failure†. These studies found that this type of chronic stress can potentially shorten a caregivers life by as much as ten years. (O’Brien) In order to prevent these serious medical conditions, caregivers must not only watch out for their personal warning signs, but also find ways to manage the stress of caregiving. Most importantly, caregivers need to take care of their own health. This includes regular exercise, eating nutritious meals, and maintaining regular sleep patterns. Regular medical checkups are also essential, especially if the caregiver is experiencing some of the warning igns mentioned earlier. Perhaps this is the most overlooked necessity, because of either the lack of time, or the constant focus on the person being cared for. It is estimated that caregivers average four doctor visits per year, while non-caregivers average seven. (AlzheimerSolutions) Other ways that caregivers can manage the stress include maintaining their social life, especially their friendships and ot her social relationships, which can serve as a much needed break, or â€Å"escape† from their responsibilities as a caregiver. Caregivers should also be willing to ask for and accept help from others whenever possible. This can include other family and friends, or community organizations such as a local Area Agency on Aging, faith based groups or adult day centers. Adult day centers are basically there to provide relief for caregivers. They provide social activities and minimal medical attention during normal business hours. It is also important for caregivers to have an outlet for their stress, which can be achieved through talking to their friends and co-workers about their experiences. Joining a support group can also be a beneficial tool to learn how to deal with negative feelings. In order to properly manage their stress, caregivers have to learn how to deal with the common feelings associated with caregiving, such as embarrassment, guilt, helplessness and anger, and a support group could really help in that effort. Most people that become informal caregivers do so because of the unexpected illness or injury of a loved one. Because they generally become caregivers without any training or education, they are not usually aware of the possible negative impact on their own health that can be a result of their commitment to caregiving. It is therefore extremely important that caregivers understand the warning signs and symptoms related to the stress associated with caregiving and the potential medical consequences. They need to take advantage of any services available to help them manage the stress, including help from friends, family and the community to ensure that they maintain their own health, and their ability to be a functioning caregiver.

Pipeline Should not be built Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Pipeline Should not be built - Essay Example emission, such as emission of carbon dioxide gas, and notes that these effects could have effects on whether the Keystone XL pipeline is constructed or not. It offers a basis for opposing the pipeline building by identifying harm that the pipeline can cause on the environment through increasing greenhouse gas emission. The article explains potential effects of Keystone XL construction on the environment and also extends to other scopes of the construction such as review of the project, process of presidential approval, objective of the construction, transportation of oil in the nation, and alternatives to pipeline. Its identified risks of the pipeline construction explains possible adverse effects of the construction and adds to the opposing views. The author explains safety of the proposed pipeline construction and assumes the position that approval of pipeline will not have adverse effects on people. it offers direct support to the construction. The author reports on and analyzes data opinions on presidential approval application for construction of the CanadaPipeline. It however assumes a neutral approach and allows for critical analysis of popularity and associated risks of the proposed pipeline. TransCanada Pipeline is a system of pipelines that facilitate transportation of gas in Canada. The pipeline system is specially designed to withstand pressure and has as thick as diameters of more than one peters. The system is widely spread through Canada and the organization that manages the pipeline, TransCanada Corp, has applied for permit to extend its system of pipelines into the United States. The application is currently waiting for the presidential approval after which operations can commence after two years. The decision on whether to approve the pipeline corporation or not has been a subject of speculation with some opinions supporting its approval while others have disapproved of it. This paper argues that he pipeline corporation should not be approved

Business professional Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business professional - Essay Example I came to know that this condition is called as â€Å"gynecomastia† which means â€Å"female like breasts†. I was surprised to read that a significant population of the males in the US acquires gynecomastia at some point in their teenage. The condition sustains in some and recedes in the others with the passage of time. I came to know that the most authentic treatment for the gynecomastia is surgery. I decided to see a surgeon for more information with an intention to seek an amicable solution for my friend. This became the basis of my interview with the surgeon. In the 45 minutes of extremely informative interview, I saw a ray of light for my emotionally distressed friend. I searched for some famous surgeons practicing in this field. I came across some videos of Dr. Blau on the Youtube. I contacted Dr. Blau and seeked an appointment with him. He agreed to give the interview within a week. I reached Dr. Blau’s clinic on time. I had already prepared a set of questions to facilitate the discussion. I wanted it to be a semi-structured interview, in which I would have my questions answered, but would allow the surgeon to take the explanation to any level. I might find new questions along the way so as to make the interview all the more informative and useful. The questions I had prepared included; How long have you been serving in this field? What is gynecomastia? At what age does it start occurring? How does it occur? How common is it? Why does it occur? What can be done to keep it from occurring? Is it fatal? Can it be lived with? What are the options for the treatment of gynecomastia? Which of the treatments is the most cost effective? Which of t he treatments is the most effective? What is the ideal age for the treatment? Is the surgery painful? How long does it take to perform the surgery? How long does it take for the pain to relieve?

Developing self-awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Developing self-awareness - Essay Example At the same time, continuous self-examination of feelings and emotions within a person opens a way to self-mastery. This paper is an examination of the â€Å"self† and â€Å"others† processes. It directly discusses my self-awareness skills and how I can understand and improve it in my daily interactions. I understand that both positive and negative feedback are important to me and in order to improve, I should share with others what I feel. I am not aware of my cognitive style and how I process information and this needs improvement. My emotional maturity is not much improved and I only show the capacity to develop it. I struggle a lot to hide my emotions and try to rationalize them. However, sometimes I become emotional before thinking which lands me in saying unintended things to others. This has made me try my best to withhold my emotions as much as I can and dealing with them later by confronting myself. I do not like being uncertain about everything and I try my best to master situations otherwise I quit. I realize that I am quite principled in my behaviour because I have tried my best to nourish it since my early age. I also like being aware of what happens around me and rarely feel angry, depressed or anxious without knowing the reason. Sometimes I annoy others unknowingly an d I like apologizing where possible. I like having someone close to me to share my personal feelings When upset, I look into the problems without sometimes facing the real persons. I am concerned with others and like remaining in touch, though am less group-oriented. I like consulting others just as I tell others what I do not like. I like helping people opposed to each other to find something they can agree upon. In situations needing my attention such that I have to leave work early, I tend to exaggerate a bit to my colleagues of a duty I cannot fail to attend. I do not like people who yell at me when they are angry and

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay Example In a contract law, there are two types of terms that are the express terms and the implied terms. Express terms generally mean the terms that in specific have been mentioned orally or in writing and agreed upon by both parties involved in the contract during the time when the contract is being made. On the other hand, implied terms are different from expressed terms. Both parties may have not mentioned these implied terms in the contract. However, sometimes they are included because the contract would not make any sense commercially without them. The verbal agreement When buying the van, you stated that you wanted a van that could carry around four to five large items of furniture. You also stated that the previous van that you used to carry could handle loads of ton up to one tone and a cubic capacity of 200 feet. However, the seller did not meet the conditions that you stated. He stated that he had a van like this but it is clear evident that he did not meet your expectations. Acco rding to section 14(3) of the sales act of goods, it clearly states that if the buyer expresses his purpose of the goods understood to the seller, then it is the duty of the seller to make sure that the goods, which will be given, fit the purpose that is intended. It should be noted that if it is reasonable for the buyer to rely on the expertise of the seller then would the terms apply (Sales of Acts goods 1979). Therefore, the seller, who is Alan Daly, needs to compensate you for that. Additionally, in the verbal agreement, when you telephoned Mr. Alan Daly, he ascertained that he would look at the complications of the vehicle if it were delivered to him before the end of the week. This means that you had to deliver the vehicle before the week ended. However, you failed to do so. Instead, you did not telephone Mr. Alan Daly to notify him that you could not take the van to his garage and that you should both fix a suitable day for the vehicle to be examined. The written terms In the contract, it is evident that the seller, which in this case was Mr. Alan Daly, wanted to evade himself from problems, which he knew were to emerge eventually in the contract. In addition, he gave you the wrong capacity of the car. In clause 4(b), he stated, â€Å"any warranty or condition as to the condition, description, quality or fitness for particular purpose is hereby excluded from this contract for sale†. This is clearly evident that both parties, that is you, Mr. Winston and Mr. Alan agreed that there were no warranties of the car to be returned regardless of any major issue occurring. However, the verbal agreement that you had with Mr. Alan clearly out do the written terms (Atiyah et al. 2010). The oil leak It is obvious that Mr. Alan sold you a car that did not meet the requirements of the vehicle that you wanted. Concerning the oil leakage, upon you, Mr. Winston inspecting the vehicle, you noticed a small patch of oil on the forecourt where the van was standing. Ho wever, when Alan was asked, he said that the oil spill had occurred probably when they had topped up the oil and water levels when servicing the car. According to the report of the mechanic, it was reported that the oil leak might have caused this entire problem. However, a problem might occur here because Mr. Alan advised you to take the van to his garage to be serviced but you did not. However, this can be out ruled since when buying the vehicle, you explained to Mr. Alan that the vehicle would be used for delivering and collecting furniture’s and this was very crucial in the smooth running of your business. Mr. Alan should be in a position to repair for your vehicle that was all because of the oil spill since according to part v, it is clearly stated that the seller should be able to repair or replace the good in a reasonable time. Defective Clutch and brakes Mr. Alan sold the van knowing that it had these problems. Mr. Alan can be charged of murder because he sold you

Divorce as a Social Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Divorce as a Social Issue - Essay Example r, the belief in religion and ethics or morality are diminishing at present because of the advancements in science and technology and changing life styles and life philosophies of people. Family concepts have less value in contemporary American society which motivates the people to change their husbands and wives just like changing their dresses. This paper briefly analyses the different dimensions of divorce and the major impacts it may cause to the society and family. Cruel treatment, Impotence, Inebriation, Adultery, Desertion etc were the major reasons for divorce in America during seventeenth century. But in twentieth century, the reasons for divorce changed a lot. Loss of sanity, Instances of incompatibility and Long term separations were the reasons of divorce during the initial half of the twentieth century. However, the reasons of divorce kept on changing and during the latter half of the twentieth century; Increase in the earning potential of women, more social acceptance of divorce, an enhancement in the pursuit of joy (i.e. the possibility to locate a better partner) and the presence of no fault laws were the motivating factor for divorce (History of Divorce in America). The above facts clearly show that the reasons for divorce during ancient centuries were biological or behavioral and more genuine when we consider the reasons for divorce in the present century. Divorce laws were tougher earlier compared to that of the current divorce laws which forced people to think about a divorce only in the extreme cases. However, most of the current divorces are taking place because of silly reasons. Even the husband and wife do not know the exact reasons for their divorce. According to Winchester & Beyer (2001); â€Å"during and after divorce, many parents feel guilty and confused† (Winchester & Beyer, p.47). This because of their lack of awareness about the reasons of their divorce and the possible consequences divorce can cause in their future life. â€Å"Around

CAREER DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CAREER DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example GuideStar seeks to strengthen the role of CSOs through â€Å"transparent reporting†, which will serve to make the CSO more visible, and thus, more able to receive a fair contribution of resources for its programs and initiatives. In addition to supporting the growth of individual CSOs, GuideStar strives to create clear communication between the stakeholders involved, including the CSO, donors (governmental bodies and citizens) and supporters. In order to support these objectives, GuideStar has two visions: first, the systems employed by GuideStar will be running in over 30 countries, which will provide a comprehensive database of information that will create global networks, and promote trans-national charity; second, information on the operations and objectives CSOs will become available to its stakeholders, and this transparency will ensure that programs of value will be more likely to receive the funding necessary on a voluntary basis. The central vision involves the  "effective and generous allocation of [society’s] resources† to legitimate and deserving CSOs (GuideStar International, 2011). Background, Management and Supporters GuideStar started in 1994 in the U.S. by founder Buzz Schmidt, and â€Å"has become the US’ premier non-profit database and is used extensively by most philanthropic institutions, non-profit organisations, corporations, individual donors, and government grant making agencies and regulators† (GuideStar International, 2011). After receiving the award of Non-profit Executive of the Year in 2001, the company expanded to the UK, where it launched a web service that provided information about charitable organizations in the UK. This has resulted in generating world interest in implementing the GuideStar system into global CSOs. The central founding figures in GuideStar are Buzz Schmidt, William H. Dietel, Dr. Virginia Hodgkinson, and Lady Hilary Browne-Wilkinson. These individuals are all leading fig ures in the non-profit sector, and have contributed significantly to the development of GuideStar in the US, the UK, and internationally. The current staff at the UK office consists of eight individuals, including Tinsley C. Goad, CEO, and Caroline Neligan, Director of Partnerships and Development. In addition, the supporters of GuideStar and TechSoup Global include: the Ford Foundation, The Philanthropic Collaborative, David and Lucille Packard Foundation, the Eten programme of the European Commission’s Information society and Media DG, pro bono support from Weber Shandwick. Objectives and Issues The central objective of GuideStar is to collect information on CSOs, create a comprehensive report, and provide donors and supporters unrestrained access to this

Foreign Direct Investment for Developing Countries Essay

Foreign Direct Investment for Developing Countries - Essay Example 10) say that FDI is one of the key options for economic growth of developing countries. However, it is not all developing countries that are open to FDIs. The FDI helps these economies in terms of foreign capital in form of direct and also some cases indirect investment. Most of developing countries initially depended on loans from international financial institutions and banks but this started changing in the 80s when international banks started experiencing financial constraints. This forced most developing countries to shift the approach and change their investment policies in such a way that will be attractive to stable forms of foreign capital. The advantage of FDI is that developing countries easily get foreign capital without high risks that can be tagged to the debt. According Marchick and Slaughter (2008, p.2) governments have been reviewing their economic policies as an effort to attract MNCs through FDIs into their countries. It is important to note that FDI is directly affected by multinational companies (MNCs) who are the main participants. With that consideration, then we can easily conclude that factors that affect MNCs also affect FDIs. The capital flow from MNCs is directly injected to FDIs. Most of the times, the MNCs tend to expand their activates to foreign companies for several reasons which include; exploitation and utilization of economies of scales, utilization of particular advantages and at times very unprecedented reasons like just because their main competitors are actively involved related practices. Equally, governments are in competition to attract more FDIs in their nations. They do this by changing and at times compromising some of the key factors in their economic policies. Examples of such factors include corporate taxes, domestic labour market conditions among others. With all these activities surrounding FDI, MNCs have to be very analytical before making investments in such countries. There are determinants which are

Ranch hand Essay Example for Free

Ranch hand Essay We have all heard the old legends or read the books and even watched the films of historical cowboys. You know, the Clint Eastwood and well do ya feel lucky I understand that ranch hands, like the ones from the famous books by John Steinbeck, are the modern cowboys? Cowboys were not real; they are a certain stereotype. A stereotype is a generalisation of a certain race, culture or creed. For example all this certain race are say, thieves or all this race will dislike any one from this race. A cowboys stereotype is a hero. He upholds the law by bending it and protects the innocent by killing the bad. They are lonely travellers but survive by doing good and by trying to create a better person of himself. A cowboy has a strong will power to endure. They all have dreams but the main factor about them is they seem not to have any feelings. A dream is another term for wants, needs and longings. Every one has dreams, even these cowboy heroes poses dreams. They are constantly in the cold with stone valiant personalities and it is as if they have been hardened by their own countless experiences. If the hero/cowboy does have a sidekick then the sidekicks are mostly juvenile and have not had many experiences. So because of this the sidekick respects the cowboy and looks upon the hero as a father figure. Yet also a friend simultaneously, and they are portrayed as if they were feeble minded. A Ranch hand is an American 1930s typical working man. Ranch hands tend to have dreams; this is what they require to hold on to, to survive. Tell im about the rabbits George. . Also in America, in the time of the early 1930s there was the myth going around of the American Dream. The American dream is an idea, an idea that consists of America, the grate country of opportunities and dreams. This means that if your were to go to the country you would be able to make your dreams come true. This is another case that Stinebeck is tying to argue against. By portraying the harsh realities of the all American dream using his books as his voice to the public. Ranch hands travel alone and if they travel together then they either have an unbreakable companionship. I got you to look after me, an you got me to look after you. or one has decided that he has to dedicate the remainder of his life to look after the other member. Like the pair George and Lennie from John Steinbecks Of mice and men. Life on the ranch was not easy with all the laborious duties for very minute pay. The bosses of the lands became wealthy through the sweat of the labourers (the ranch hands). The living conditions were very poor, sometimes ten to fifteen men sleeping in the same bunkhouse. A bunkhouse was a small shed like chamber filled with bunk beds, as described by John Steinbeck in of mice and men. The bunk-house was a long, rectangular building. Inside, the walls were whitewashed and the floor unpainted. I feel it is important to look at the living conditions of the ranch hands to try to understand what they are like, and accustomed to. I consider that to try to paint a representation of what a person is like you have to look at their possessions. And in these shelves were loaded with little articles, soap and talcum powder, razors and those Western magazines Notice how he describes all of the belongings of the occupant of the bunk, in particular detail. He mentions stuff like soap and razors to the reader; this is to maybe show how the ranch hands are trying their greatest to show the world that they arent just some ranch hand scruffs. To portray that they are real people theyre not just workers and do have a life off the fields. He mentions western magazines ranch men love to read and scoff at and secretly believe. This is a strong element Steinbeck is trying to make. What I consider he is trying to say is how the ranch hands believe and also fantasise about being in the shoes of a western cowboy hero. Maybe he is trying to say how the ranch hands are cowboys, but I will come back to this point later. And there were medicines on the shelves, and little vials, combs; and, from nails on the box sides, a few neckties. See there again, he mentions things like medicines, combs and neckties. This is also trying to say how they try to restrain them selves from deteriorating physically as well as mentally. Also how they at least try to make them selves look respectable and orderly. Also by mentioning minor everyday things to us, they appear important to the ranch hands. To relax the men either played cards with each other or have a night on the town to spend their hard-earned cash or they would go to the brothel. These activities are similar to of which cowboys used to carry out for pleasure. Steinbecks characters fit into the mould of being a cowboy but the most accurate character, which could pass as a cowboy, would have to be slim. The door opened and a tall, stooped-shouldered old man came in. This is when he is first introduced to George, lennie and the reader. He was dressed in blue jeans and carried a big push-broom in his left hand. This is a classic description of a cowboy the blue jeans and the way he stands and also how he carries his broom like it is his gun. You could also say that Slim talks like a cowboy He was sore as hell when you wasnt here to go out this morning. Slim also has a lot of respect from the ranch hands and has a higher statures. I conclude that the hero of the book is Slim even though George and Lennie are the foremost characters. I think this because he is always tends to be around when important things are going on in the book. Also he tends to have had the most hands on experience when it comes down to virtually anything. As I was saying earlier about how the ranch hands enjoyed reading western books and almost believed in them. This is another dream that is exposed by Stinebeck. The ranch hands all dream about the stories wishing they were the cowboys wishing they had nothing to care for, no more hard work and no one would be messing with em as they were cowboys. Steinbeck has invented his own stereo type of the ranch hands in some ways romanticising or glamorising them to show or compare the new age cowboys which were given the Hollywood treatment to be the real cowboys of the present. America has not got a long history so maybe he wanted to show that Americas history is not in the Hollywood cowboys and Indian gun fights, it lies in the American dream and the people itself. It lies in their hard work and bloodshed to make the country what it is now. Not trying to make up a history, but hes asking to look at the one they already have. All of Steinbecks characters fall into the cast of this stereotype but yet are still individual. John created them ideally, otherwise if he didnt create them like this; he would not have been able to make his world seem so genuine and undeniable to life. I feel that Steinbeck was trying to underline a piece of America history, and put though his message to the reader. He did this because he is a socialist writer and believes strongly about equal opportunities. So if people feel that the history of America lies in John Steinbecks books, they might think about the present and try to make changes to the whole system. So there it is the cowboys and ranch hands explained they are both very similar stereotypes, yet they do have their differences. The difference is that ranch hands are the real historical cowboys. But due to the ignorance of the common American the ranch hands want to become more like the Hollywood cowboys. Also theres the fact that the ranch hands in of Mice and Men (George and Lennie) do not achieve their dreams yet cowboy stories always have a good ending. By making this contrast Stinebeck can demonstrate that the American dream is unattainable and a deceiving idea.

Outline the Learning Theory of Attachments Essay Example for Free

Outline the Learning Theory of Attachments Essay Outline the learning theory explanation of attachments. The learning theory proposes that attachment behaviours are learnt through the imitation of the attachment figures meaning they are not innate. One explanation of how this happens is through Classical Conditioning. In the Learning Theory Classical Conditioning is the forming of an attachment through association. The Learning Theory states that when a baby is born they naturally want food. When the mother feeds the baby it automatically associates the food which is the primary reinforces with its mother who is the secondary reinforces. Therefore an attachment is formed with the mother because she is giving what the baby needs most. the mother feeding the baby when the baby cries will mean that the baby learns that crying will get them food which then makes the baby happy, the food is the unconditioned stimulus and the happiness from the child is the unconditioned response the primary care giver is the neutral stimulus, over time the baby will associate the mother with food and the presence of just the mother will make the baby happy, the mother is the conditioned stimulus and the baby being happy to see the mother is the conditioned response. Another explanation of how attachments are learned according to the Learning Theory is through Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning involves reinforcement or a reward to maintain a relationship. Dollard and Miller stated that all babies are born with a need to reduce feelings of hunger. When the mother feeds the baby it acts as a positive reinforcement or a reward on the behaviour of the baby. The reward that the baby receives is a positive reward and therefore the baby is likely to repeat the same behaviour to provoke the same response from the mother. This reinforces the attachment bond between mother and child because she is the one providing the food. Dollard Miller (1950) used the term secondary drive hypothesis to describe the processes of learning an attachment through operant and classical conditioning. Secondary drive hypothesis explains how primary drives which are essential for survival, such as eating when hungry, become associated with secondary drives such as emotional closeness. They extended the theory to explain that attachment is a two way process that the caregiver must also learn, and this occurs through negative reinforcement when the caregiver feels pleasure because the infant is no longer distressed.

A study of Athol Fugard

A study of Athol Fugard Athol Fugard, who was born in Middleburg, South Africa in 1932, is a well known realist playwright. He has written many plays which reflect his extreme opposition to the Apartheid system. Two such plays are Boesman and Lena (1969) and My Children! My Africa! (1989). Both plays are set in apartheid South Africa and demonstrate the cruelty of those years in South Africa as well as the current issues surrounding them. Athol Fugards work in both of these plays is therefore a reflection of the times and society in which he was writing. The plays socio-political contexts and his intentions in them can be individually discussed as well as compared to each other. Boesman and Lena is set in Apartheid South Africa and is a play about a young, non-white couple who are truly facing difficulties and struggling during this time. The play opens with the couple on a journey, walking from place to place, after being forcefully removed from their home. As they are travelling, Lena tries to recount where they have been. They can only bring the belongings with them that they can afford to carry on their backs and so they are exposed to the elements around them. Because the couple are homeless, Boesman decided that in order to survive he needs to build a shelter out of scrap iron and other materials that he has found. Once the shelter is built, he is the only one to enter it. Lena not only tends the fire but also tends to sit outside of the shelter for the entire play. The desperate circumstances that they are in emphasize their lonely, isolated and impoverished place in the world. Boesman and Lena was written in 1965 which is a mere 17 years after the start of apartheid. The play clearly shows the harshness of this time period relating to the Forced Removals and Group Areas Acts, which were passed by the government in order to draw a line by fully separating racial groups. Boesman and Lena perfectly represent the millions of non-whites who suffered during Apartheid. The forced removals from homes and dispersal of communities led to social breakdown and widespread poverty in South Africa. Non-whites were not given the opportunity to really settle down in any environment whatsoever, and this caused them to be depressed and feel as if they had no meaning whatsoever in their lives. This alienation can be noted when Lena is distraught after she has just been forcefully removed from her own home. At the beginning of the play, an old man called Outa appears at their campsite. The way Boesman acts around Outa and shows his feelings towards him show the incredibly racial tensions between the many different non-white groups. Boesman believes he is superior to Outa. He is frustrated by the situation in South Africa and he vents this frustration on other non-whites. Outa, being very frail and unresponsive, is an easy target for Boesman, and this is evident in the way he treats Outa. [Mtvass] Boesman and Lena, as well as their actions, can be interpreted as symbols. Boesmans violence towards Lena represents the violence white South Africans inflict on citizens of colour. Lena represents hope and life. She is optimistic and believes things will change in the future. She is also very compassionate (as with the old man, Outa). Boesman is mostly bitter and jealous, trying to destroy any hope and life that she has. Fugard has recorded many of his ideas in his notebooks. In one entry, Fugard describes that he had many encounters with the poorer South Africans. He notes that these encounters all contributed to the creation of Boesman and Lena. He also reports back on the day he came into contact with a particular woman which influenced him to begin writing the play. He says in Athol Fugard: Notebooks 1960-1977: On a hot August day in 1965, Fugard and two friends were driving along a rural road when they saw an old woman trudging along with all of her worldly possessions tied up in a bundle on her head. They stopped and offered her a ride. She cried at their unexpected kindness, and during the fifteen-mile trip to a farm up the road, she told them about the death of her husband three days earlier and her nine missing children. If Fugard and his companions hadnt stopped to offer her a ride, she would have followed her plan to sleep in a stormwater drain that night and continue her long journey the next day. [E-notes 2010] He also gives his impression of the woman. He writes , In that cruel walk under the blazing sun, walking from all of her life that she didnt have on her head, facing the prospect of a bitter Karoo night in a drain-pipe, in this walk there was no defeat-there was pain, and great suffering, but no defeat. Athol Fugard: Notebooks 1960-1977. The walk that this woman went on was the walk that Boesman and Lena are on throughout the play as it inspired him to come up with this idea in the first place. Because Fugard passionately abhorred apartheid, his intentions in writing this play were to show what was going on in South Africa at the time and to expose the effects of apartheid. He used symbolism-for example representing the violence white South Africans inflict on citizens of colour through Boesmans violence towards Lena as well as themes. The main theme of Boesman and Lena is violence and cruelty which reflects the state of apartheid at the time. In the 1960s, when the play was written, people of colour had absolutely no power and could not do anything about how they were treated. Basically, in this play, Fugard portrayed severe real situations and displayed the struggling and suffering of the characters and thereby projected a true representation of what was going on at this cruel time in South Africa. Fugard wrote My Children My Africa about 20 years after Boesman and Lena was published. At this time, there was an immense amount of racial tension and ongoing violence, both within various black communities and violence perpetrated by the white security police and military apparatus. Life was not the same in South Africa as it had previously been in the 60s and things were coming to a head. There were many anti-apartheid movements and international censure because of this. Although the confrontational violence between the government and forces of liberation had escalated in Apartheid South Africa, the underlying themes of exploitation and human suffering were still the same. As historian Alistair Boddy-Evans summarized: During the 1970s and 80s Apartheid was reinvented a result of increasing internal and international pressures, and worsening economic difficulties. Black youth was exposed to increasing politicisation, and found expression against Bantu education through the 1976 Soweto Uprising. Despite the creation of a trilateral parliament in 1983 and the abolition of the Pass Laws in 1986, the 1980s saw the worst political violence by both sides.[Boddy-Evans] My Children! My Africa! is a play which depicts a time when friendship and cooperation across the colour line were extremely rare. Such relationships were strictly frowned upon and actively discouraged by apartheid officialdom. This was because they represented a potential threat to the elaborately constructed and legislated racial barriers. In My Children! My Africa! (an emphatic title indeed) Fugard constructed a very powerful dramatic work which explores the possibility of such interracial connections despite the human and professional risks involved. His thrust is that mere skin colour should in no way be a significant barrier to friendship and cooperation. The play involves a white schoolgirl and black schoolboy whose teacher must take risks in sending the black boy to a mixed-race team in a literary competition. They have different viewpoints in how to challenge the system. The schoolboy, Thami, has adopted an attitude of violent confrontation, whereas the teacher is more in favour of a conciliatory and gradual approach to change, hoping optimistically that violence can be avoided. The schoolgirl, Isabel is besieged with white liberal guilt. The play reflects varying attitudes to the best approach to achieving inevitable change. As it turned out it was the destabilising threat of violent confrontation that ultimately counted in effecting change in South Africa. The play was in fact written in 1985 foreshadowing the unbanning of the ANC and the subsequent release of Nelson Mandela some 5 years later. Fugard was an active supporter of the Anti apartheid movements and endorsed international boycotts of segregated audience theatre in South Africa. In fact he was vilified, harassed and put under security police surveillance. To avoid further trouble with the authorities Fugard had his plays produced and published outside of the country [Alan McIver :2010] Fugard was accorded wide international recognition. His compelling and impressive body of work surely contributed in a significant way to international awareness of the dire developing situation in South Africa. To me he is an inspiring figure, whose realistic depictions of the devastating human consequences of an evil system opened audiences eyes to cruel and unsustainable realities. Fugard once said: [My] real territory as a dramatist is the world of secrets with their powerful effect on human behaviour and the trauma of their revelation. Whether it is the radiant secret in Miss Helens heart or the withering one in Boesmans or the dark and destructive one in Gladys, they are the dynamos that generate all the significant action in my plays[Fugard]. We can gather from this, that his plays are always individually and contextually significant and he intends to display and uncover and bring to light deeper issues within them. Using the two plays discussed above as evidence , one can not only tell that Fugard really cares about his work and his country but also that his work is an accurate reflection of the times and society in which he was writing. [Words: 1655]

James Dickey Essay -- Literature Religion Papers

James Dickey Ah! The world- view to which an individual adheres is all- important. Who am I? Many people strictly conform to a set pattern of beliefs that limit or curtail their expression or personal growth. Many times their beliefs reflect the ideas of a community, a church, or a family. The individual blends in with the group and becomes a co-dependent function of that group. James Dickey conformed to no one. He stands apart due to his ability to intensely reveal the images burning vividly in his mind. One image of Dickey that consistently flames brightly is the persona of the "loner". Dickey fulfills this loner image through his complex worldview that allows him to predatorily satisfy his innate needs through various means. His paradoxical nature allows him to connect to art and people, but the reality of his connections does not preclude him from being defined as a loner. This complex illustration of the Dickey loner acts itself out in Dickey’s life and his art. His life and art diverge and converge throughout. The complex nature of Dickey needs to be explored within peramaters in order to reduce the margin of error that pertains to Dickey as a loner. Blanket statements on Dickey’s life are difficult to prove, because of his ever -changing form. However, this paradoxical person remains somewhat the same as he changes in his loner form. Dickey uses his worldview to fuel his very existence. His art centers on transcendental exploration of the innermost parts of his mind. His characters act out the complexity of his thoughts and the possibilities that exist within his artistic exploration. Dickey’s ability that intensely, dramatically, and descriptively reveals his thoughts define the uniqueness that sets him apart... ...ks Cited Baughman, Ronald. "James Dickey’s War Poetry: A 'Saved, Shaken Life.'" In Kirschten 118-27. Dickey, Christopher. Summer of Deliverance: A Memoir of Father and Son. New York: Simon, 1998. Dickey, James. The Whole Motion: Collected Poems 1945-1992. Hanover, N.H.: UP of New England, 1992. ---. ed. James and Barbara Reiss. Self-Interviews. Baton Rouge: Louisiana SUP, 1984. ---. Deliverance. 1970. New York: Delta, 1994. ---. To the White Sea. 1993. New York: Delta, 1994. Jones, Malcolm, Jr. "When a Predator Is the Prey." In Kirschten 60-61. Kirschten, Robert. ed. " Struggling for Wings": The Art of James Dickey. South Carolina P, 1997. Lieberman, Laurence. " Erotic Pantheism in James Dickey’s ‘ Madness.’ " In Kirschten . 205. Strange. William. "To Dream, to Remember: James Dickey’s Buckdancer’s Choice. " . In Kirschten 17.

Animal Rights is a Cause for Vegetarianism Essay -- essays research pa

Animal Rights - Cause for Vegetarianism The choice of eating meat or not has been a debated issue for a continued number of years. There have long since been two sides: the proponents and opponents of meat consumption. More and more debates of its value and effect on the world have risen. Many claim it is wrong, while others think of it as a needed pleasure. Today, a greater percentage of the population eats meat. Only a few individuals seek the alternative route. Yet, there has been a steady rise in the number of vegetarians. Many may already know that religions all over the world have advocated a meat-free diet. While a few are lenient, the majority is steady. The reason a vegetarian diet has been preferred over meat dates back thousands of years. Take for example, the Christian tradition. Although most are now lenient, previously many great saints advocated a meat-free diet, for more reasons than one. In the beginning it was said by God, " Here I have given you all vegetation bearing seed which is on the surface of the whole earth...to you let it serve as food." (gen.1.29) Later it was spoken by Jesus of the commandment, "thou shall not kill". Jesus said, "You heard that it was said to those of ancient times, 'Thou shall not kill; and whoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment."(Matthw.5.21) There is also the Hindu tradition, where a meatless way of life has gone on for thousands of years (until the invasion by foreign rule,...

Grammar and the Role of Writing Center Tutors as Teachers of Grammar :: Teaching Writing Grammer Education

Grammar and the Role of Writing Center Tutors as Teachers of Grammar Communication in any form requires a protocol. The evolution of language from sounds into words is proof of that. People recognized that in order for two people to understand each other, they must have a common code that will allow each one to transmit and receive signals accurately. If the word â€Å"red† signified two different colors to two different people, for example, then there would be a breakdown of communication. Language has grown complex over time and in its current form, it enables users to communicate with precision and nuance. In the English language, specifically, the meaning of what is communicated depends not only on the words chosen, but also on where those words are placed and how they are modified. Semantics studies meaning and interpretation of words. This is separate from syntax, which deals with the physical location of a word (or other element of language) within a sentence (or other linguistic construct). Today, we usually use â€Å"grammar† an d â€Å"syntax† interchangeably, although syntax is a subset of grammar. Within the context of Writing Centers, this is acceptable, because when the issue of grammar comes up, it is always a matter of syntax; we never, for example, deal with phonology, which is also a subset of grammar. However, semantic issues are sometimes labeled grammatical issues, which is not correct. One might argue that what we call these issues does not matter so long as they are dealt with appropriately. In truth, it does matter, because by lumping semantic issues together with syntactic issues makes grammatical issues as a whole a larger issue, which is undesirable because grammar is already a much feared and religiously avoided area. I imagine a small, dark closet labeled Grammar, in an obscure part of the house that represents all the issues that Writing Centers deal with. Into the Grammar closet, students and tutors alike throw in several issues—actual grammar, but also semantics and mis cellaneous quirks of the language—and then shut the door. Over time, the inside of the closet becomes dusty and obscure, inaccessible as well something to be both feared and ignored. Come spring, nobody wants to be responsible for cleaning the grammar closet. Sadly, with the desire to focus on critical thinking in papers (i.e. content), those who plan Expository Writing classes or provide tutoring for it have gone from saying, â€Å"Critical thinking is the primary focus† to saying â€Å"Critical thinking is the only focus.

Role of Education

Undoubtedly, education plays a significant role in every aspect of people's lives. In other words, all through history, education and psychology have powerful methods for learning pieces of information. Also, these two efficient ways are vital for those who are eager to improve their behavior and knowledge. As a matter of fact, learning has been defined in several methods by a number of different theories. Theories of learning can help instructors to decide and select the suitable ways for their educational structure. Many scholars have commented on how behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism have influenced the research in the field of educational technology. Behaviorism is a psychological approach which describes all behavior in terms of learning. This theory focuses on behavior. In addition, in this approach, cognition like thoughts is totally ignored. Also, it is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts mental activities. Without a doubt, this approach has a numerous ascendency, such as providing a number of practical applications and techniques to shape conduct. As far as I concerned, giving a prize to those whose behavior is appropriate is the best deed, and also it can cause others especially children to shape and enhance not only their behavior, but also their activities. However, besides all these positive features, it has some disadvantages, but two of which are more significant. For instance, based on this theory, learning can be defined as â€Å"the relatively permanent change in behavior brought about as a result of experience or practice.† Obviously, this approach has had a long lasting impact on language teaching, but it has some negative points. To illustrate, people can change their conduct when they are either exposure to new environment or get new information, even if they have previously established a different behavior through reinforcement. In addition, behaviorists claim, â€Å"Human has passive learners.†, but, psychologists are appose to this assertion. They believe human are active agnates, and they are able to think and determine. In my opinion, this theory is really useful and practical in elementary schools, because children in this grade cannot distinguish between right and wrong, so they need a person who monitor them. In other words, they need a leadership. On the other hand, behaviorism is not essential for higher grades, because these kind of people are active, and they already have learned and known what the best method is. Cognitivism, like behaviorism, emphasizes the role that environmental conditions play in facilitating learning. Cognitive psychologies tend to think of the brain as an active participating component in the learning process. . This theory focused on the inner mental activities of human beings to understand how people learn. In fact, behaviorists saw humans as programmed animals, but cognitivists viewed them as rational beings. The best feature in this theory is that cognitivism assists people who really wants to shape their behavior and tries to develop their conduct for the better. Due to the fact that, this approach focuses on brain's function, it is really beneficial and helpful. On the other hand, cognitive approach denies other factor which influences behavior, such as, genes and individual experiences. Owning to assuming all human conduct are equal, it is the biggest weakness that this theory has. I think that, this theory can be more practical than behaviorism. Due to the fact that, it is able to combine to other approaches can be effective and helpful method in all schools especially Iranian students. Also, because it does not focuses on just one thing and analyze human in other perspective, Iranian student are more successful when educational system applies this approach in schools. Therefore, according to all things that it was mentioned-above, cognitivism has abundant positive results in Iranian educational system. Constructivism considers the learning to be an active. Even though constructivism is considered to be a branch of cognitivism (both conceive of learning as a mental activity), it distinguishes itself from traditional cognitive theories in a number of ways. One of the superb factors in this approach can be pointed out is that students are active, and all of them participate in every activities, such as discussion and practicing. It is believed that group working is one the best effective ways to progress in every field. Also, this action is tough provoking, and it is kind of a challenge for students to try hard to achieve their goals. However, this way is only suitable for those who are genius, and they can analyze their problems individually. In other words, it can be practical for people who can deal with every problem without any assistance, so they are really successful with this approach. Furthermore, this method is not handy for students or other people whose knowledge are lees, and they are not in favor of group activities. Hence, they might fail at their courses or they may just imitate what others do, so they do not learn anything. In this case, constructivism has negative results. Consequently, constructive approach depends on people's characteristic. In my point of view, this approach is the best theory in contrast with other theories. Although it has some negative points, advantages outweigh disadvantages. However, constructivist approach is not appropriate for Iranian educational system. Unfortunately, Iranian are intrapersonal, and they prefer to do their activities individually. On the other hand, Iranian student are in favor of teacher-centered. Owning to focusing student-center in this way, our society disagrees with it. In addition, due to lack of capacity of some of Iranian student, this theory is not successful in our education. In short, it is not deniable that these three approaches are beneficial and try to help students improve their education and behavior. Obviously, each of these theories works for each student, and they have different ways and attitudes to how these theories accelerate learning. As it was above mentioned, all these three schools of thought has their own strengths and weaknesses, but I think constructivism is like a new invention in education. As far as I concerned, if I were a teacher, I would definitely choose the constructivism theory because it is crucial that students be more active in their lesson and become independent. Also, this way causes increase students' motivation to study well.

Let the Punishment Fit the Crime Essay

If you can’t do the time don’t do the crime or how about let the punishment fit the crime. These two statements have been around for years. If someone commits a crime they should be punish but to what extent? Should similar crimes be dealt with the same? Such as if a person had a small amount of marijuana for personal use in a car at school, or they had an ounce of marijuana in their vehicle in a school zone. Should the law treat these incidents the same? Or should they treat these cases differently? Some people believe you should be sentence to a mandatory jail term no matter what crime you commit. They feel this will deter people from committing crimes. Others feel criminals are doing too much time for mostly none violent criminal activity which put a strain on entire communities. This debate has been brewing for years. Are mandatory minimum sentences doing more harm than good? The movement to establish mandatory minimum sentences for drug related offenses began in the early 1950†s and gained momentum in the early 1970s (Carrillo, 2000). At this time the judge had the discretion of giving the defendant a mandatory sentence or a more lenient sentence. In 1986 the law was changed were as the judge lost the power to make a choice in the length of a sentence he or she could impose on an offender. They had to follow strict sentencing guidelines which some judges was even oppose to. The main reason for the mandatory minimum sentences during the earlier stages in the game was due to the growing drug trade. This was a losing effort by law enforcement to stop the trafficking of drugs into the United States. In the eyes of many this obviously didn’t work. As time went on the drug trade became bigger and better with more sophisticated technics and more potent drugs.

How to Make a Grilled Cheese Sandwich

Tiayna Bradford BRADFORD 1 Mary Jo M. Keiter English 051 Oct 18, 2012 How to make a grilled cheese sandwich on an electric stove. First you need to make sure that you have all the things needed for this process. 1. Frying pan 2. Bread 3. Butter or Margarine 4. Butter knife 5. Cheese 6. PlateFirst you take out two pieces of bread and lay them on your plate. Then you open up the butter, get the butter knife; put some butter on the knife, then spread it on one side of the bread. Make sure that the side you put the butter on is the side down. The other side of the bread that is faces up; put two slices of cheese on it. After you put the cheese on it; put piece bread on it, then spread butter on that side too.When that part is done, turn the stove on number four; so that it is not up to high; or to low. Place the frying pan on the eye that you turned on. Once it gets hot put the sandwich in the pan. You can put a lid on it to make it cook faster or just leave it open. Let it cook for lik e two minutes and then turn it to the other side and repeat the same thing. Once you see that the bread is brown a little, you can take it out using a spactula. It is then ready to eat. How to Make a Grilled Cheese Sandwich My Recipe For Grilled Cheese Sandwiches Topic: How to make grilled cheese sandwiches. Audience: Parents that need to cook something quick for there children. Purpose: To teach someone how to make a grilled cheese sandwich. Format: An expository paragraph. ——————————————————————————————————————— You will need: An electric frying pan, 2 slices of bread (preferably white), (softened) butter, and some cheese of your choice Step 1.Plug in and pre-heat the electric frying pan to 400 degrees fahrenheit. Step 2. Take your butter and spread it on one side of both pieces of bread. Step 3. Then you need the cheese (if you are cutting it of a block, 1 eighth of an inch is my recommended thickness) But I like to use singles chee se slices with mine. Step 4. Place your cheese in-between the un-buttered sides of your bread so that the buttered sides are facing out. Step 5. When your electric frying pan is fully heated, place the sandwich on it. Step 6.Let it sit for around 3 minutes, if you want a panini style sandwich, then you can lightly press on the sandwich with a a spatchula while it's cooking. Step 7. Then flip it and let the other side sit for only about 2 and a half minutes. Step 8. Then it's done! Step 9. If you want to make it better, try adding Ketchup on the side, along with a pickle. Step 10. Part of the process of making anything is the clean up so don't forget to put away everything, including turning off and unplugging the electric frying pan. Step 11. Eat up! By: Adam Brice

Adrenaline Air Sports

The greatest percentage of first time customers Is college students, Just Like he town of Blackburn, with a population of 40,000 people plus about 25,000 enrolled college students. Greensboro, North Carolina Is about 80 miles South of Janesville and most of the students don't return for a second dive because of the cost. Only 3 percent of the skydivers return to stay In the sport. Since first time divers have the highest margin, ;RSI important to get these divers to stay In the sport.There are two main competitors for AS in the same area about 120 miles Northeast of Janesville that must compete for the population in Ranked. These two companies are more advantaged because they offer more availability, larger and aster planes, and charger more in fees. They are both open year round on the weekends and are open at least 4 days during the high season. AS only has two competitors to beat, which is a plus, considering their strengths. But the scenery that AS has to offer is more beautiful than the scenery of the other two companies.Internal factors that affect AS is employee schedules. Most of the employees for AS are part-time workers, including the owner, Bill Cockerel. Bill and is employees are only available to work the weekends they are scheduled to work during the open season. Bill works another Job and the earliest he can be at AS is at pm on Fridays. There is only one cameraman, which means only one person, per film, per flight. Videos are given only on Sundays, and with new student reservations on Mondays, those videos arena received until the following Sunday.There are currently two Cessna 182 planes, which take longer to reach higher altitudes. The maximum height for AS is 10,000 feet. The Cessna planes hold up to four parachutists at one time. During the high season, this becomes a problem because AS only has four parachutes in its possession; two tandems and two accelerate free-fall parachutes. By analyzing this case, I found It necessary for AS to do tw o things. First they can keep the Cessna planes they already have and extend their work days to Fridays and Mondays to make more available times to customers.Since this Is a second Job for most of the employees, Including the owner, more employees will be needed or longer shift hours for the employees that are already there. A new, larger plane wouldn't be necessary In this action because there will be more time available to work the flights. The second option for AS would be to purchase a larger plan that revives a faster turnaround time, reach higher altitudes, and hold more passengers. In doing this, AS will need to be a full-time company, with extended weekends In the high season.The profit margin and hourly rates will increase if this is implemented. IT one AT ten Cessna are solo , ten money can De uses to lighten ten cost AT ten new plane. AS will need to raise their prices and do heavy advertisement to fill passenger slots on the planes. Although the first option allows the c ompany to grow at a slower pace, I think the second option is sounder for the company. AS should become full-time and add mom of the serious skydivers as employees.With more employees and an extended weekend, an increase for fees is necessary. The demand for skydiving with the company is at good standing. AS needs to make it available to accommodate those potential customers. Adding at least one more camera would be a great step because the video helps with advertising the company's services. Finding more first time jumpers and creating a program which allows them to return is the key to generating the income that is needed. Once they've Jumped two or three times, the chances of them returning are high.

Fashion Assignment - Armani Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fashion Assignment - Armani - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Assignment - Armani" concerns Giorgio Armani's fashion. To best understand the brand design architecture of Giorgio Armani, we fist need to create an understanding of the environment in which it operates. Armani has diversified into many brand facets, adding more levels to its brands pyramid, with the original Giorgio Armani still at the apex. This shows the pride which it wishes to create for its parent brand, while forwarding its legacy down to the following brands. The setting up of standards is very crucial for Armani, as whenever, a new brand is launched, it is overseen to be aligned with the set standards of the parent brand itself. Giorgio Armani (at the top of the grid) is a very successful and elite corporate brand with a sole proprietorship; being the first in line showcasing the exquisite collection of couture gowns and suits to match the new fashion trends, targeting the segment of the elite class groups between the age of 35 – 50 with a high ran ge of prices and superior quality. While targeting the elite class, the line of Armani brands has made sure to target the upper middle class as well. The Armani Collizioni, caters to the segment of customers who love Armani as a brand but cannot afford the originally luxurious Armani and so Collizioni incorporates lower prices than that of its parent brand with a little simpler designs in order to sell to this segment of population. Similarly, Armani exchange caters to a very different and casual market grouping with realistic prices., unlike their couture lines. It is for the general public to take pride in wearing Armani and to create an association with the parent brand. Armani exchange is the most affordable and accessible brand in the Armani chain of stores. To be noted here, is Armani’s way of targeting each and every segment in the market while also not decreasing the perceived value and luxurious image of the brand. Each and every segment is targeted with a new name a long with the originally created legacy of its parent Brand (Magnoni & Roux, 2011). Going totally diverse from its initial offerings, Armani features a furniture line named as Armani Casa which entails the alluring Armani pride while offering high-end home decor; magnificently designed furniture, lamps, linens and fine dining essentials. In contrast to its other brands, Casa has only 40 stores worldwide which shows their lack of focus towards their range of furnishings. However, to make its furniture line more exclusive, all Armani hotels and Cafe’s are furnished with its own brand Casa (Giorgioarmani.com, 2012). Armani emphasizes greatly on its logo and towards creating its brand image, this is exceptionally evident through its efforts of framing the brand luxury and stressing on the brand name in all its sub brands. For clothing Armani has made sure to cover all market segments with naming its stores differently, however, the parent brand still has been associated with the new store names (Tungate, 2008). Brand Architecture The brand architecture of Armani communicates its marketing philosophy. The way Armani caters to all market segments is by highlighting the uniqueness of the brand itself and through appealing to different population segments based on their personalities (Magnoni &

Personal statement. Application essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal statement. Application - Essay Example I enjoy helping them learn and I derive much joy in understanding how they discover new things in what adults find ordinary and boring. Like every primary school teacher I know, one of the greatest sources of happiness and fulfilment is to see the eyes and faces of children light up when they discover something new. It is like a lamp being switched on inside their minds. I am also at peace whenever I am with children, and I enjoy the noise and chaos that accompany them, a clear sign of their joy of life and of each one's infinite future possibilities. I see the world's future in each one, and I like it when they are noisy and active, eager to enjoy each other's company. I know how to make them quiet through a calm personal presence that adds to their enthusiasm. When I am in front of children, I know how to act according to what the situation demands and steer us all towards learning goals. I know how to motivate children and exercise patience when needed.

Financial service management, please see below for further instruction Essay - 1

Financial service management, please see below for further instruction - Essay Example Redman (1995) teachings on achieving personal success were also an eye opener. Case reviews of successful people in finance like Warren Buffet have helped to understand that success involves planning and visualizing end results. SMART goals concept helped developing clear road map to success (O’Neill and Conzemius, 2006). To change the situation I used my personal values of dedication and flexibility. Use of skills set and behavior assessment toolkit has helped to rank and identity essential and desirable skills for success. I have now developed an action plan addressing my weaknesses in listening, financial understanding and team spirit. Success is seldom an individual’s effort but often involves working with others. I must admit that going through this course have to improve my people and personal skills. Before the course I had poor listening abilities, not a team player, challenges dealing with difficult people and poor negotiation skills. These weaknesses watered down my strengths of being assertive and developing mutual trust. Contrary to my past, I have improved in contributing to teamwork that we had during the course. I have also noted that by learning to listen, I have become a better negotiator as I know what to capitalize on in addition to dealing difficult people. I the past I often failed to understand what the problem was with people. Currently, I can comfortably say that I more accommodative of team members which has helped me to learn a lot. In my lower classes I thought I knew more than my classmates but am surprised by what I have learnt from them through listening and being a team player. C hapman (2006) skills set and behavior assessment toolkit used to assess essential people skills at the start helped me to develop an action plan to improve my weak areas with tangible results. However, I still have to work managing stress and conflicts, taking personal responsibility to solve clients’

Management of Production and Operations Term Paper

Management of Production and Operations - Term Paper Example The paper explores the main quality assurance practices and their relevance in contemporary manufacturing facilities. Controversies over using popular quality assurance systems are discussed. Keywords: production, manufacturing, operations, quality assurance, ISO. Management of Production and Operations Quality assurance remains one of the most popular topics in production and operations management research. Sophisticated standards of quality and increased complexity of manufacturing operations render scientific approach to quality assurance valid and justified. Much has been written and said about the best and most desired practices in quality assurance. Yet, despite recent advancements in quality assurance systems, their benefits are at best controversial. It is widely acknowledged that the use of ISO systems by manufacturing enterprises adds weight to their corporate image and reputation. Such production organizations are believed to provide better quality of products and services , than their industry competitors. Unfortunately, the use of ISO quality assurance systems in production and operations does not ensure their functionality in particular organizational environments; as a result, firms must pay particular attention to how broadly accepted quality assurance practices affect their production operations and whether they meet customer expectations in terms of the quality of the ultimate product. Quality Assurance: Why, When, and How? How to define quality assurance is a complex question. However, it would be fair to assume that quality assurance in production and operations will be mostly the same as in other fields of management. According to the EU guidelines, quality assurance is â€Å"a wide-ranging concept which covers all matters which individually or collectively influence the quality of a product† (McCormick, 2002, p.27). Simply put, quality assurance is essentially about ensuring that the product meets the basic standards of quality. Qual ity assurance in production and operations is an efficient management tool that enhances the quality of organizational decisions (McCormick, 2002). In contractual situations, quality assurance systems give customers â€Å"a feeling of confidence in the quality of the ultimate product† (McCormick, 2002). Quality assurance is impossible without the availability of the entire complex system of quality assurance operations, which describe all steps to be taken to achieve the desired quality standards (McCormick, 2002). More often than not, manufacturing organizations run their own departments of quality assurance and control. However, even then, quality assurance is the process that involves all organizational members and not the only unit of QA professionals. All members of the manufacturing organization can affect the quality of the ultimate product; as a result, the organization in its entirety is responsible for the quality of its operations, leading to the development of a s uperior quality product (McCormick, 2002). It should be noted, that the history of quality assurance dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, rapid industrialization and expansion of industrial enterprises required the development of new, more sophisticated quality procedures. At that time, quality of products was defined as their fitness for purpose (Chitale & Gupta, 2007). Most quality assurance procedures were limited to quality control at the beginning and the end of the manufactur

Qualitative and quantitative research methods Essay

Qualitative and quantitative research methods - Essay Example Quantitative research methods stress much on the generation of generalizable and precise statistical findings. Numerical data features in quantitative research. The method is usually used when the researcher wants verify if a cause generates an impact in general. On the other hand, qualitative research methods attempt to capture the deeper meaning of certain human experiences and produce theoretical richer observations that cannot be easily captured by numerical data (Babbie and Rubin, 2011).. Another difference between quantitative and qualitative research is the core assumption concerning the function of the researcher. In qualitative research, it is perceived that the researcher can learn more about a particular situation by taking part in it or getting deeply involved in the situation. In quantitative research, the researcher is just an objective observer who neither takes part nor influences whatever is being studied (Colorado State University, 2012) In conclusion, the research method to be used in the study of Ethics, Compliance, and Social Responsibility of Hewlett Packard is qualitative research method. This is because the method allows the research techniques to generate more observation as the data is collected. The method also allows the researcher to learn more about a certain situation by taking part in what the participants are doing. In this case, the research will learn more about ethics, compliance, and social responsibility of Hewlett

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Assignment Example Significance of Human Resource Management FunctionIn the health sector, human resource management function cannot be underestimated. The human resources seek to enhance the patient’s satisfaction and the quality of services. Quality in health care is defined in two ways; sociocultural quality and technical quality. Technical quality entails the impact the available health services can have on the overall health condition of the population. Sociocultural quality refers to the level services’ acceptability in order to satisfy the patient’s expectations. The above-mentioned functions are performed by the human resource, and they cannot be run smoothly without their intervention. Formulation of a better strategy to manage the organization functions is one of my interests in the field of human resources. The health sector is faced with many problems that require the assistance of a human resource manager. Some of these issues include workforce training issues, and hea lth care workforce composition and distribution. My interest will be to solve these issues in the position of a human resource. The role I can perform well in human resources is the operational and employee advocacy role. Employees face a number of problems that require the intervention of the human resource. This is because I am capable of taking into consideration the employee’s concerns and issues effectively. A role that can be a challenge to me is the administrative role. It will be a challenge since I require a more involving role.

Criminal Rehabilitation Risk Assessment Instruments Essay

Criminal Rehabilitation Risk Assessment Instruments - Essay Example The process can be understood as the continuous process to ensure the evaluation of risk in the fast changing environment in different situations like operations, so that appropriate control measures could be implemented in way that it ensures the acceptable level for safety. The following report is based on enhancements that have taken place in such models, how these instruments work, what is required, what is the current level, and the different instruments are discussed. Risk Assessment Tools: The risk is basically calculated and measured before the dynamic situation, and after and during the process of the operations. The critical aspect is measured in order to weigh the benefits that are to be achieved with the risk that are being associated with the different stages of the activity. The entire process is based on the saying â€Å"think before you act rather than act before you think.† There are several factors which distinguish the dynamic risk assessment from other risk assessment processes; such factors are (Tullett, 2010): Unpredictable and unseen risks The risk environment changes on the rapid pace Enables the individual to judge the risk The approach is also varied, it provides with the persistent and personal approach towards the evaluation of risk There are several different tools that are being used in order to assess the risks that are being associated with those who conduct criminal activities called offenders. These tools are basically used in order to measure the probability of persons getting back into the society. By using these tools we can identify which offender is vulnerable to which extent of risk and is in need of intervention. The assessment tools that are used for this purpose also specify the service that is needed in order to organize the evaluation. The different tools that are being used these days are (Landers, 2011): Screening: The tool used for supervising the community screening is normally called the CSST, and it is b eing used many states. The core reason to use this tool is to focus on the low risk offenders, and using this tool helps the agencies to spend lesser amounts of money on the low risk offenders, so that their focus and attention do not get diverted and they can work on major projects. Using this tool, the agencies are able to handle the low risk offenders. This tool works on the four basic principles by providing the agencies better way to handle such situations. These principle categories are the number of criminal acts, current employment, drug access, and relationships with criminal associates. This screening tool is being used for both genders who are involved in low risk offenses (Bateman, 2006). Psychological: There are many institutes who are using this practice in order to conduct the evaluation of the offenders by psychological testing done through interviews. After treatment, the psychologist may recommend the offender continuethe treatment or may also plan a new schedule f or such offenders. In some cases the treatment is started from the very beginning, at the intake of such persons who are involved in crime. Intake is itself a process to make the criminal individual ready for the treatment program after the arrival at the facility. This tool helps the institute to realize the intensity and the magnitude of the offender to be treated and also enables the creation of the appropriate